Threat Intelligence / CVE / CVE-2023-41991

CVE-2023-41991 — Apple Ipados

CISA KEV

CVSS v3.1 5.5 (MEDIUM) · EPSS 3.2% (higher than 87.0% of all scored CVEs) · Priority 9/10 · Published 2023-09-21

As of 2025-11-05, CVE-2023-41991 is a MEDIUM-severity vulnerability in Apple Ipados, CVSS v3.1 5.5, EPSS 3.2% (87.0th percentile). It is listed in the CISA Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog (added 2023-09-25), with a US federal remediation deadline of 2023-10-16. Threadlinqs Intelligence links 2 tracked threat campaigns to CVE-2023-41991, most recently “Hack-for-Hire Espionage Campaign Targeting MENA Civil Society via Predator/Intellexa Mercenary Spyware”.

Last updated: 2025-11-05

What is CVE-2023-41991?

A certificate validation issue was addressed. This issue is fixed in macOS Ventura 13.6, iOS 16.7 and iPadOS 16.7. A malicious app may be able to bypass signature validation. Apple is aware of a report that this issue may have been actively exploited against versions of iOS before iOS 16.7.

The record classifies CVE-2023-41991 under weakness class CWE-295. Its CVSS v3 base vector states that the flaw requires local access to the host, needs no prior authentication, needs a user to take an action first, and has high impact on integrity. 5 affected-product entries are recorded, across 1 vendor, listed below. The identifier was first published 1088 days ago.

Severity and exploitation probability

CVSS v3.1 base score: 5.5 — MEDIUM
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N
EPSS (FIRST): 3.2% probability of exploitation in the next 30 days, higher than 87.0% of all scored CVEs
CISA KEV: Listed since 2023-09-25, federal remediation deadline 2023-10-16
Threadlinqs priority: 9/10 — CISA KEV-listed, which Threadlinqs floors at 9
Published: 2023-09-21, last modified 2025-11-05

Is CVE-2023-41991 being exploited?

CISA added CVE-2023-41991 to the Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog on 2023-09-25, which means the agency holds evidence of exploitation in the wild; US federal civilian agencies had to remediate it by 2023-10-16 under BOD 22-01. It currently carries a trending score of 37 in the Threadlinqs vulnerability feed.

Affected products and versions

Apple: Ipados, Ipados 17.0, Iphone Os, Iphone Os 17.0, Macos

How to fix CVE-2023-41991

The record marks a vendor fix as available for CVE-2023-41991. Patch reference: https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT213926. Vendor advisory: https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT213927. Because CVE-2023-41991 is KEV-listed, US federal civilian agencies were required to apply the vendor fix, or stop using the product, by 2023-10-16. Apply the vendor fix referenced above to every affected product listed in this record, then confirm the running version against the vendor advisory.

Threat activity tracking CVE-2023-41991

2 tracked threats in the Threadlinqs corpus reference CVE-2023-41991, either in the campaign’s CVE list or as an indicator on the campaign record.

Hack-for-Hire Espionage Campaign Targeting MENA Civil Society via Predator/Intellexa Mercenary Spyware — HIGH · 2026-04-08
Coruna iOS Exploit Kit — 23 Exploits Across 5 Chains Targeting iOS 13-17.2.1 (CVE-2021-30952, CVE-2023-41974, CVE-2023-43000 + 20 More) — CRITICAL · 2026-03-06

Sources

Seeded from nvd and not yet processed by the Threadlinqs enrichment pipeline, so blank CVSS, EPSS or KEV fields above mean NOT MEASURED rather than measured-absent.

Full detection coverage & IOCs for threats exploiting CVE-2023-41991 are available via the Threadlinqs MCP server (Purple tier). View plans →

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