# CVE-2025-4231 — Palo Alto Networks Cloud NGFW

> As of 2026-11-07, CVE-2025-4231 is a HIGH-severity vulnerability in Palo Alto Networks Cloud NGFW, CVSS v3.1 7.2, EPSS 0.9% (61.8th percentile). Threadlinqs Intelligence links 1 tracked threat campaign to CVE-2025-4231, most recently “Siemens SSA-364175: Multiple Vulnerabilities in Palo Alto Networks Virtual NGFW on RUGGEDCOM APE1808 (CVE-2024-3596, CVE-2025-4231 and others)”.

**Last updated:** 2026-02-26

## What is CVE-2025-4231?

A command injection vulnerability in Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS® enables an authenticated administrative user to perform actions as the root user. The attacker must have network access to the management web interface and successfully authenticate to exploit this issue. Cloud NGFW and Prisma Access are not impacted by this vulnerability.

The record classifies CVE-2025-4231 under weakness class [CWE-77](https://intel.threadlinqs.com/cwe/CWE-77). Its CVSS v3 base vector states that the flaw is reachable remotely over the network, needs high-privilege credentials, needs no user interaction, and has high impact on confidentiality, integrity, availability. 3 affected-product entries are recorded, across 1 vendor, listed below. The identifier was first published 513 days ago.

## Severity and exploitation probability

- **CVSS v3.1 base score:** 7.2 — HIGH (`CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H`)
- **CVSS v4.0 base score:** 8.6 (`CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:H/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:L/SI:N/SA:N/AU:N/R:U/V:C/RE:M/U:Amber`)
- **EPSS (FIRST):** 0.9% probability of exploitation in the next 30 days, higher than 61.8% of all scored CVEs
- **CISA KEV:** Not listed in the CISA Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog
- **Threadlinqs priority:** 6.1/10 — a Threadlinqs composite of the CVSS base score, the EPSS percentile and public exploit availability
- **Published:** 2025-06-12, last modified 2026-02-26

## Is CVE-2025-4231 being exploited?

It currently carries a trending score of 5 in the Threadlinqs vulnerability feed.

## Affected products and versions

- [Palo Alto Networks](https://intel.threadlinqs.com/vendors/palo-alto-networks): Cloud NGFW, PAN-OS, Prisma Access

## How to fix CVE-2025-4231

Vendor advisory: [https://security.paloaltonetworks.com/CVE-2025-4231](https://security.paloaltonetworks.com/CVE-2025-4231). Apply the vendor fix referenced above to every affected product listed in this record, then confirm the running version against the vendor advisory.

## Threat activity tracking CVE-2025-4231

1 tracked threat in the Threadlinqs corpus references CVE-2025-4231, either in the campaign’s CVE list or as an indicator on the campaign record.

- [Siemens SSA-364175: Multiple Vulnerabilities in Palo Alto Networks Virtual NGFW on RUGGEDCOM APE1808 (CVE-2024-3596, CVE-2025-4231 and others)](https://intel.threadlinqs.com/threat/TL-2026-5479) — CRITICAL · 2026-11-07

## Sources

Enriched from CVE.org, NVD, FIRST EPSS, GitHub Security Advisories. Last verified by Threadlinqs on 2026-11-07. This product uses the NVD API but is not endorsed or certified by the NVD.

**Vendor advisory and patch**

- [security.paloaltonetworks.com — vendor advisory](https://security.paloaltonetworks.com/CVE-2025-4231)

Canonical: https://intel.threadlinqs.com/cve/CVE-2025-4231
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