# CWE-427: Uncontrolled Search Path Element

> As of 2026-10-10, CWE-427 (Uncontrolled Search Path Element) underlies 7 CVEs tracked by Threadlinqs, none of them in the CISA Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog, and is cited by 67 tracked threats.

**Last updated:** 2026-10-10

## What is CWE-427?

The product uses a fixed or controlled search path to find resources, but one or more locations in that path can be under the control of unintended actors.

Although this weakness can occur with any type of resource, it is frequently introduced when a product uses a directory search path to find executables or code libraries, but the path contains a directory that can be modified by an attacker, such as "/tmp" or the current working directory. In Windows-based systems, when the LoadLibrary or LoadLibraryEx function is called with a DLL name that does not contain a fully qualified path, the function follows a search order that includes two path elements that might be uncontrolled: the directory from which the program has been loaded the current working directory In some cases, the attack can be conducted remotely, such as when SMB or WebDAV network shares are used. One or more locations in that path could include the Windows drive root or its subdirectories. This often exists in Linux-based code assuming the controlled nature of the root directory (/) or its subdirectories (/etc, etc), or a code that recursively accesses the parent directory. In Windows, the drive root and some of its subdirectories have weak permissions by default, which makes them uncontrolled. In some Unix-based systems, a PATH might be created that contains an empty element, e.g. by splicing an empty variable into the PATH. This empty element can be interpreted as equivalent to the current working directory, which might be an untrusted search element. In software package management frameworks (e.g., npm, RubyGems, or PyPi), the framework may identify dependencies on third-party libraries or other packages, then consult a repository that contains the desired package. The framework may search a public repository before a private repository. This could be exploited by attackers by placing a malicious package in the public repository that has the same name as a package from the private repository. The search path might not be directly under control of the developer relying on the framework, but this search order effectively contains an untrusted element.

CWE-427 is a base-level weakness in MITRE’s Common Weakness Enumeration. Applicable platforms: Language: Not Language-Specific; Operating_System: Not OS-Specific; Technology: Not Technology-Specific.

_Source: [MITRE CWE](https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/427.html) (CWE-427 definition, reproduced verbatim). Counts and linkage below are Threadlinqs data._

## Consequences

- **Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability** — Execute Unauthorized Code or Commands

_Source: MITRE CWE, common consequences._

## How CWE-427 is exploited in the wild

Threadlinqs maps 7 CVEs to CWE-427, published between 2025-01-30 and 2026-08-25. None of them is in the CISA KEV catalog yet. By CVSS v3 severity the set splits into 1 critical, 4 high. The highest EPSS score in the set is 0.8% (CVE-2024-2658), the modelled probability of exploitation in the next 30 days. 67 tracked threats reference CWE-427 directly or through a CVE it covers; the most recent is “Cisco Talos disclosure: Microsoft, Adobe, Apple, and Foxit vulnerabilities (CVE-2026-48388, CVE-2026-57256, CVE-2026-91799, CVE-2026-50475, CVE-2026-58613, CVE-2026-80093, CVE-2026-49177)” (2026-10-07). Affected products concentrate in Adobe (1), Discord (1), Flexera (1), among 6 vendors in total.

## Vulnerabilities (CVEs)

All 7 CVEs mapped to CWE-427, CISA KEV first, then by CVSS score.

- [CVE-2026-65093](https://intel.threadlinqs.com/cve/CVE-2026-65093) — CVSS 9.9 critical · EPSS 0.8% · published 2026-08-25
- [CVE-2026-48388](https://intel.threadlinqs.com/cve/CVE-2026-48388) — CVSS 8.6 high · EPSS 0.3% · published 2026-07-28
- [CVE-2025-56383](https://intel.threadlinqs.com/cve/CVE-2025-56383) — CVSS 8.4 high · EPSS 0.2% · published 2025-09-26
- [CVE-2026-0487](https://intel.threadlinqs.com/cve/CVE-2026-0487) — CVSS 8.4 high · published 2026-07-14
- [CVE-2026-0776](https://intel.threadlinqs.com/cve/CVE-2026-0776) — CVSS 7.3 high · EPSS 0.3% · published 2026-01-23
- [CVE-2024-2658](https://intel.threadlinqs.com/cve/CVE-2024-2658) — EPSS 0.8% · published 2025-01-30
- [CVE-2026-12003](https://intel.threadlinqs.com/cve/CVE-2026-12003) — EPSS 0.1% · published 2026-06-16

## Affected vendors

- [Adobe](https://intel.threadlinqs.com/vendors/adobe) — 1 CVE
- **Discord** — 1 CVE
- **Flexera** — 1 CVE
- [NVIDIA](https://intel.threadlinqs.com/vendors/nvidia) — 1 CVE
- **Python Software Foundation** — 1 CVE
- [SAP_SE](https://intel.threadlinqs.com/vendors/sap-se) — 1 CVE

## Threat activity

67 tracked threats cite CWE-427; the 25 most recent are listed.

- [Cisco Talos disclosure: Microsoft, Adobe, Apple, and Foxit vulnerabilities (CVE-2026-48388, CVE-2026-57256, CVE-2026-91799, CVE-2026-50475, CVE-2026-58613, CVE-2026-80093, CVE-2026-49177)](https://intel.threadlinqs.com/threat/TL-2026-3011) — HIGH · 2026-10-07
- [BambooToken Malware Uses MQTT Protocol for Cross-Platform Windows/Linux C2](https://intel.threadlinqs.com/threat/TL-2026-2520) — HIGH · 2026-09-15
- [FalconFlank — CrowdStrike Falcon Sensor Local Privilege Escalation Zero-Day with Public PoC](https://intel.threadlinqs.com/threat/TL-2026-2350) — HIGH · 2026-09-06
- [FalconFlank Zero-Day Local Privilege Escalation in CrowdStrike Falcon Sensor via Office Macro Remediation DLL Hijacking](https://intel.threadlinqs.com/threat/TL-2026-2362) — HIGH · 2026-09-06
- [MoiClient Backdoor: Multi-Stage Evasion via DLL Side-Loading, RPC UAC Bypass, and BYOVD Driver Abuse](https://intel.threadlinqs.com/threat/TL-2026-2288) — HIGH · 2026-09-02
- [Mustang Panda Targets India's Government and Energy Sectors with SHARDLOADER, MINIRECON, and ZOHOMURK](https://intel.threadlinqs.com/threat/TL-2026-2293) — HIGH · 2026-09-02
- [TerminalFix Campaign: ClickFix-Style Lure Deploys Steganographic DLL Sideload and Custom Reverse Tunnel in Multistage Intrusion](https://intel.threadlinqs.com/threat/TL-2026-2198) — HIGH · 2026-08-28
- [SLEEPWALKER: Passive-Trigger Windows Backdoor Masquerading as dpapi.dll via ERAAgent.exe Side-Loading](https://intel.threadlinqs.com/threat/TL-2026-2166) — MEDIUM · 2026-08-27
- [Adobe and Nvidia Patch Dozens of Vulnerabilities Across Multiple Products, Including Two Critical Flaws in Nvidia's NemoClaw AI Agent Stack and a CVSS 10.0 Adobe Campaign Classic Chain](https://intel.threadlinqs.com/threat/TL-2026-2152) — CRITICAL · 2026-08-26
- [Banking Trojans: Manic, Grandoreiro, and ToxicPanda 2.0 in the Spotlight](https://intel.threadlinqs.com/threat/TL-2026-2118) — HIGH · 2026-08-22
- [SilkParasite: China-Nexus APT Deploys Seven RAT Families Against Central Asian Governments](https://intel.threadlinqs.com/threat/TL-2026-2200) — HIGH · 2026-08-19
- [DCRat Campaign Hides Malware Archive Inside SVG Using HTML Smuggling](https://intel.threadlinqs.com/threat/TL-2026-2015) — HIGH · 2026-08-14
- [TXTBOOK: Dependency-Confusion npm Campaign (993 Packages) Targeting T-Bank with DNS TXT-Staged Sliver Implant](https://intel.threadlinqs.com/threat/TL-2026-2991) — HIGH · 2026-08-10
- [CVE-2026-12003: CPython on Windows VPATH uncontrolled search path (CWE-427) enables cross-account code execution and privilege escalation](https://intel.threadlinqs.com/threat/TL-2026-2997) — MEDIUM · 2026-08-05
- [SilverFox APT Deploys Advanced ValleyRAT Campaign Against Japanese Manufacturer via DLL Sideloading and BYOVD](https://intel.threadlinqs.com/threat/TL-2026-1787) — HIGH · 2026-07-31
- [Mirage Kitten (UNC1549/Smoke Sandstorm/Nimbus Manticore) Deploys New NightLedger Backdoor and BridgeHead/ArcBridge WebSocket Tunnelers Against Middle East and Africa](https://intel.threadlinqs.com/threat/TL-2026-1741) — HIGH · 2026-07-28
- [FakeAgent Malvertising Campaign Distributes SectopRAT via Fake Claude Desktop Installer Hosted on claude.ai](https://intel.threadlinqs.com/threat/TL-2026-1669) — HIGH · 2026-07-24
- [UAC-0099 Abuses Notepad++ Plugin Loading (CVE-2025-56383) to Deploy LunchPoke, BurnyBear, MatchBoil V2 Malware](https://intel.threadlinqs.com/threat/TL-2026-1657) — HIGH · 2026-07-23
- [TELESHIM/MIXEDKEY/BINDCLOAK Multi-Stage Malware Chain Abuses Telegram Bot API for C2 Against Middle East Governments](https://intel.threadlinqs.com/threat/TL-2026-1582) — HIGH · 2026-07-21
- [TELESHIM/MIXEDKEY/BINDCLOAK: Unattributed East Asian Threat Actor Targets Middle East Government Entities via DLL Sideloading and Telegram C2](https://intel.threadlinqs.com/threat/TL-2026-1562) — HIGH · 2026-07-20
- [HelloNet Campaign Abuses ViPNet Update Mechanism to Deploy HelloInjector/HelloProxy/HelloBackdoor Toolset Against Russian Government Agencies](https://intel.threadlinqs.com/threat/TL-2026-1528) — HIGH · 2026-07-19
- [OkoBot: Multi-Stage Malware Framework Targeting Cryptocurrency Wallets (TookPS/HDUtil/Volume2/SeedHunter)](https://intel.threadlinqs.com/threat/TL-2026-1363) — CRITICAL · 2026-07-15
- [Unpatched Cursor IDE 0-Day: Malicious git.exe in Repository Root Enables Arbitrary Code Execution on Windows (CWE-427)](https://intel.threadlinqs.com/threat/TL-2026-1377) — HIGH · 2026-07-15
- [SolidPDFCreator: Mustang Panda Stage-1 Backdoor Targeting India via DLL Side-Loading](https://intel.threadlinqs.com/threat/TL-2026-1292) — HIGH · 2026-07-14
- [SAP July 2026 Patch Day: Critical Memory Corruption in NetWeaver ABAP (CVE-2026-44747, CVSS 9.9) Among 16 Security Notes](https://intel.threadlinqs.com/threat/TL-2026-1303) — CRITICAL · 2026-07-14

## Mitigations

- **Architecture and Design, Implementation / Attack Surface Reduction**: Hard-code the search path to a set of known-safe values (such as system directories), or only allow them to be specified by the administrator in a configuration file. Do not allow these settings to be modified by an external party. Be careful to avoid related weaknesses such as CWE-426 and CWE-428.
- **Implementation / Attack Surface Reduction**: When invoking other programs, specify those programs using fully-qualified pathnames. While this is an effective approach, code that uses fully-qualified pathnames might not be portable to other systems that do not use the same pathnames. The portability can be improved by locating the full-qualified paths in a centralized, easily-modifiable location within the source code, and having the code refer to these paths.
- **Implementation / Attack Surface Reduction**: Remove or restrict all environment settings before invoking other programs. This includes the PATH environment variable, LD_LIBRARY_PATH, and other settings that identify the location of code libraries, and any application-specific search paths.
- **Implementation**: Check your search path before use and remove any elements that are likely to be unsafe, such as the current working directory or a temporary files directory. Since this is a denylist approach, it might not be a complete solution.
- **Implementation**: Use other functions that require explicit paths. Making use of any of the other readily available functions that require explicit paths is a safe way to avoid this problem. For example, system() in C does not require a full path since the shell can take care of finding the program using the PATH environment variable, while execl() and execv() require a full path.

_Source: MITRE CWE, potential mitigations._

## Detection methods (MITRE CWE)

- **Automated Static Analysis** (effectiveness: High): Automated static analysis, commonly referred to as Static Application Security Testing (SAST), can find some instances of this weakness by analyzing source code (or binary/compiled code) without having to execute it. Typically, this is done by building a model of data flow and control flow, then searching for potentially-vulnerable patterns that connect "sources" (origins of input) with "sinks" (destinations where the data interacts with external components, a lower layer such as the OS, etc.)

_Source: MITRE CWE, detection methods. Threadlinqs detection rules for the threats above are Blue tier and higher._

## Related weaknesses

- [CWE-668 Exposure of Resource to Wrong Sphere](https://intel.threadlinqs.com/cwe/CWE-668)

Canonical: https://intel.threadlinqs.com/cwe/CWE-427
Source definition: https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/427.html
Detection rules and IOCs for threats exploiting CWE-427 via the Threadlinqs MCP server (Purple tier): https://intel.threadlinqs.com/mcp